Indentures declined during the period when convict labor surged, as transported convicts were paid lower wages,[81] but indentures, particularly among Asian workers increased in the Caribbean after the abolition of slavery. In an effort at reconciliation, diplomacy through Inter-American consultation rose and women formed regional networks to find regional solutions as well. In some patrilineal groups, women gained prestige from their relationships with men but were allowed to own their own property and were honored for their participation in crafts and ceremonial functions. [116] For many women who had been confined to their homes, producing and selling alcohol, had been a means of both economic support and a way to participate in business ventures in an environment where women were usually barred from participation. [23] African women who were enslaved and brought to the Americas were used to produce more slaves and were also exploited as sexual objects. They quickly found husbands among the predominantly male settlers, as well as a new life for themselves. [6] From the north, migrants from Beringia traveled to the south and from there branched from the west coast toward the east. Extreme gender stereotypes are harmful because they don’t allow people to fully express themselves and their emotions. [152] Panama had a female president as their national leader, in the person of Mireya Moscoso, who was Panama's first female president, serving from 1999 to 2004. There are currently more women in Guyana who attend education in universities than do men. [171] Claudia Paz y Paz, the attorney general in Guatemala has made violent crimes against women a priority and created a Criminal Court for Crimes of Femicide and Violence against Women. This cultural upbringing can inform our understanding of gender roles and can color the perceptions in which we see the world. [10] Once the dough is formed, a variety of food items can be made. Women also hold a variety of roles within the family. In 2009, the female labor force participation rate in El Salvador was 45.9 percent, compared to the male rate of 76.7 percent. The relational feminism which developed in Latin America was more geared to protect the rights that women gained as wives and mothers—rights that made them inherently different from men. [47] As early as the 1530s, Portugal began using slave labor in Brazil to work sugarcane plantations. [50] A Dutch-trained Englishman, John Drax, modified farming methods used in Brazil to fit a small island model in Barbados in the mid-1650s, establishing that the Caribbean islands could supply sufficient goods for Amsterdam's refineries. [35], Many countries in the Americas have provided legal frameworks for women to achieve equality with men. Often, women's compensation was poor and they could be punished by whippings, fines, or even branding for laziness, theft or escape attempts. [128], During World War I, in the United States, as many men left to fight the war, women took over many jobs. UNDP. In childbirth, women confront the goddess Cihuacoatl, and if they died, their bodies were considered temporarily imbued with the power of the goddess. Every society, ethnic group, and culture has gender role expectations, but they can be very different from group to group. Men and women are also expected to dress and groom in ways that are stereotypical to their gender (men wearing pants and short hairstyles, women wearing dresses and make-up. [130], In the United States, during World War II, "more than 310,000 women worked in the U.S. aircraft industry" and also contributed to the munitions industry. [20] Though bondage had existed among native cultures, captives or slaves were treated as pawns to be used in diplomatic relations, for resolving disputes, to right wrongs, or as punishment for crimes and often had multiple functions, as laborers, prisoners, or property. Depictions of rituals conducted by elite Mesoamericans have included women dressed in the traditional costume of men and men dressed in the traditional costume of women. You might also have seen or experienced sexism, or discrimination based on gender. [4] Gender roles and gender relations instead became subject to the practices of Spanish colonial rule and the casta system which racially categorized the Mesoamericans and their indigenous and mixed descendants. In most instances, convict laborers were treated equally to slaves,[79] but fear of contracting venereal diseases may have led convict women to be less sexually exploited than their African counterparts. Few systematic studies have been done on women who were transported; however,[63] records on overall transports reveal that in the early period of the practice, many prisoners were political dissidents.