Elizabeth I (1533-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, became Queen of England in 1558. Instead of treating these objects as being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ when blessed by a Catholic priest, the Protestant preacher merely encouraged the believer to take them as a reminder of Christ’s sacrifice. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. As for the governance of the Church, all but one of the Marian bishops refused to consecrate a new Archbishop of Canterbury (Canon Law from the 4th century required a minimum of three for consecration). This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. [17] In February, the House of Commons passed a Reformation Bill that would restore royal supremacy as well as the 1550 Ordinal and a slightly revised 1552 Prayer Book. Those who delayed, "looking for a new day" when restoration would again be commanded, were defeated by the passing of years. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. This of course led to the further alienation of Anglicans and Puritans from one another in the 17th century during the reign of King James (1603-1625) and the reign of King Charles I (1625-1649), that eventually brought about the English Civil War (1642-1651), the brief rule of the Puritan Lord Protector of England Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658), the English Commonwealth (1649-1660), and as a result the political, religious, and civil liberty that is celebrated today in all English speaking countries. The bull, written in Latin, is named from its incipit, the first three words of its text, which mean "ruling from on high" (a reference to God). Those loyal to the Catholic Church refused to obey anyone, but only the orders from the Pope himself. All four had been consecrated by men in Roman Catholic Orders. After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. The Act of Uniformity 1551, sometimes referred to as the Act of Uniformity 1552, was an Act of the Parliament of England. Although in practical terms, extremist worshippers were largely permitted to pursue their beliefs without interference, some 400 priests did resign as a consequence of the Settlement. See the bottom of each page for copyright information. The demonology of Puritans was not unusual within the Early Modern demonology of Protestants, but the use of ritual and prayer in exorcism was more distinctive. Other Catholic traditions which were maintained included making the sign of the cross during a baptism and priests wearing traditional vestments. She came out with a new edition of the Book of Common Prayer that was in line with tradition, however, it was as vague as possible. As Elizabeth acceded to the throne of England there was a great religious divide within the country. While the Prayer Book directed the use of ordinary bread for communion, the Injunctions required traditional wafers to be used. [7] What succeeded more than anything else was the sheer length of Elizabeth's reign; while Mary had been able to impose her programme for a mere five years, Elizabeth had more than forty. [102], In response to Bridges' A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy. The Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603 in England and Wales and includes the Elizabethan period during the reign of Elizabeth I until 1603. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England’s three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states.